Mechanical Properties, Corrosion Behavior, and In Vitro Cell Studies of the New Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn Alloy.

This study aims to characterize a new Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn alloy for biomedical application. Microstructure, phase formation, mechanical and corrosion properties, along with the cell culture study of the Ti-25Ta-25Nb alloy with Sn content 5 mass% are presented in this article. The experimental alloy was processed in an arc melting furnace, cold worked, and heat treated. For characterization, optical microscopy, X-ray diffraction, microhardness, and Young's modulus measurements were employed. Corrosion behavior was also evaluated using open-circuit potential (OCP) and potentiodynamic polarization. In vitro studies with human ADSCs were performed to investigate cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Comparison among the mechanical properties observed in other metal alloy systems, including CP Ti, Ti-25Ta-25Nb, and Ti-25Ta-25-Nb-3Sn showed an increase in microhardness and a decrease in the Young's modulus when compared to CP Ti. The potentiodynamic polarization tests indicated that the corrosion resistance of the Ti-25Ta-25Nb-5Sn alloy was similar to CP Ti and the experiments in vitro demonstrated great interactions between the alloy surface and cells in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Therefore, this alloy presents potential for biomedical applications with properties required for good performance.

Processing and Characterization of a New Quaternary Alloy Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr for Potential Biomedical Applications.

The study of new metallic biomaterials for application in bone tissue repair has improved due to the increase in life expectancy and the aging of the world population. Titanium alloys are one of the main groups of biomaterials for these applications, and beta-type titanium alloys are more suitable for long-term bone implants. The objective of this work was to process and characterize a new Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr beta alloy. Alloy processing involves arc melting, heat treatment, and cold forging. The characterization techniques used in this study were X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, optical microscopy, microhardness measurements, and pulse excitation technique. In vitro studies using adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC) were performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and cell viability after 1, 4, and 7 days. The results showed that the main phase during the processing route was the beta phase. At the end of processing, the alloy showed beta phase, equiaxed grains with an average size of 228.7 µm, and low Young's modulus (83 GPa). In vitro studies revealed non-cytotoxicity and superior cell viability compared to CP Ti. The addition of zirconium led to a decrease in the beta-transus temperature and Young's modulus and improved the biocompatibility of the alloy. Therefore, the Ti10Mo8Nb6Zr alloy is a promising candidate for application in the biomedical field.

Development of a Novel Nanotextured Titanium Implant. An Experimental Study in Rats.

This animal study evaluated the osseointegration level of a new nanotextured titanium surface produced by anodization. Ti-cp micro-implants (1.5 mm diameter by 2.5 mm in length) divided into two groups: titanium nanotextured surface treatment (Test Group) and acid etched surface treatment (Control Group). Surface characterization included morphology analysis using scanning electron microscopy and wettability by measuring contact angle. Sixteen Wistar rats were submitted to two micro implants surgical placement procedures. In each rat, one type of micro implant placed in each tibia. The animals sacrificed after two (T1) and six weeks (T2) post-implantation. After the euthanasia, tibias processed for histomorphometric analysis, which allowed the evaluation of bone to implant contact (BIC) and the bone area fraction occupancy between the threads (BAFO). Our surface analysis data showed that the Control Group exhibited an irregular and non-homogenous topography while the Test Group showed a nanotextured surface. The Test Group showed higher wettability (contact angle = 5.1 ± 0.7°) than the Control Group (contact angle = 75.5 ± 4.6°). Concerning the histomorphometric analysis results for T1, Control and Test groups showed BIC percentages of 41.3 ± 15.2% and 63.1 ± 8.7% (p < 0.05), respectively, and for BAFO, 28.7 ± 13.7% and 54.8 ± 7.5%, respectively (p < 0.05). For T2, the histomorphometric analysis for Control and Test groups showed BIC percentages of 51.2 ± 11.4% and 64.8 ± 7.4% (p < 0.05), respectively and for BAFO, 36.4 ± 10.3% and 57.9 ± 9.3% (p < 0.05), respectively. The findings of the current study confirmed that the novel nanotextured surface exhibited superior wettability, improved peri-implant bone formation, and expedited osseointegration.

Stress distribution in the peri-implant area of pure titanium and titanium-zirconium small implants

Aim: In dental implant treatment, there is a demand for mechanically stronger implants. Despite the existence of several studies showing the clinical success of narrow diameter implants, most of them are based on pure titanium (cpTi) alloys. There is a few clinical evidences of the success rate of titanium-zirconium (TiZr) narrow diameter implants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress distribution in the peri-implant area of narrow diameter cpTi and TiZr implants under axial and oblique loads. Methods: Photoelastic models were produced using epoxy resin (PL2, Vishay Precision Group) from a master model. The implants (cpTi and TiZr; Straumann AG) had 3.3 mm in diameter and 12 mm in height. Loads of 100 N and 200 N were applied to the abutment at angles of 0° (axial), 10°, 20°, and 30° (oblique). A circular polariscope (Eikonal) was used under dark field white-light configuration. The isochromatic fringes were analyzed in the peri-implant region in 5 areas, using ASTM table with isochromatic fringes; cervical-mesial, cervical-distal, mid-mesial, mid-distal and apical. Results: In general, under axial and oblique loads, the stress in the TiZr implant was lower than in the cpTi implant. The load of 200 N produced the highest stress values in cpTi and TiZr implants. In both implants and loads, the fringes were located more in apical area at all angles evaluated. Conclusion: It can be concluded that for small implants, the load inclination and intensity change the pattern of stress distribution and the cpTi implant exhibited the highest peri-implant stress

Influence of bone loss and inclination of incisor on periradicular stresses due to simulated bite force / Influência da perda óssea e da inclinação do incisivo na distribuição de tensões perirradiculares decorrentes da simulação de forças oclusais

Introduction: Adults with sequelae of periodontal disease tend to have bone loss, with consequent flaring of the maxillary incisors. Objective: The influence of bone loss and the inclination of the maxillary incisor in the distribution of stresses due to simulated bite forces was studied. Material and method: Models in epoxy resin were made in three conditions (without bone loss and with bone loss of 5mm and 8mm). Increases in the labial inclination of the maxillary incisor of 10° and 20° were obtained with a beveled metallic block. Loads of 100N were applied five times in each condition using a universal test machine. The models were observed and filmed with a circular polariscope. Orders of isochromatic fringes (stresses) on the labial, lingual, and apex surfaces were recorded. The agreement of the data was evaluated using the weighted kappa test, and the results were 0.89 and 0.82 for intra- and inter-examiners, respectively. Result: The results of the Kruskal-Wallis and SNK tests indicated higher stresses (2.0) with increased labial inclination in the labial surface; higher stresses (2.67) with increased bone loss; higher greater stresses with the association of bone loss and labial-inclination (3.6); and the highest stresses tended to concentrate on the labial surfaces, except in cases of normal inclination and without bone loss (0.45). Conclusion: It was concluded that increases in both the labial inclination of the maxillary incisors and bone loss increase periradicular stresses, and the combination of these factors further increases the stresses due to bite forces, with the highest concentration on the labial side.

Introdução: Adultos com sequelas de doenças periodontais tendem a apresentar perda óssea, com consequente vestibularização dos incisivos superiores. Objetivo: A influência da perda óssea e da inclinação do incisivo superior na distribuição de tensões devido a forças mastigatórias simuladas foram avaliadas nesse estudo. Material e método: Modelos em resina epóxi foram confeccionados em três condições (sem perda óssea e com perda óssea de 5mm e 8mm). Aumentos na inclinação vestibular do incisivo superior de 10° e 20° foram obtidos com um bloco metálico chanfrado. Cargas de 100N foram aplicadas cinco vezes em cada condição usando uma máquina de ensaio universal. Os modelos foram observados e filmados com um polariscópio circular. Ordens de franjas isocromáticas (tensões) nas faces vestibular, lingual e apical foram registradas. A concordância dos dados foi avaliada pelo teste kappa ponderado e os resultados foram 0,89 e 0,82 para intra e interexaminadores, respectivamente. Resultado: Os resultados dos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e SNK indicaram maiores tensões (2,0) com aumento da inclinação vestibular na face vestibular; maiores tensões (2,67) com aumento da perda óssea; maior tensão com a associação de perda óssea e inclinação vestibular (3,6); e as maiores tensões tenderam a concentrar-se na face vestibular, exceto em casos de inclinação normal e sem perda óssea (0,45). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que aumentos tanto da inclinação vestibular dos incisivos superiores quanto da perda óssea aumentam as tensões perirradiculares, e a combinação desses fatores aumenta ainda mais as tensões devido às forças mastigatórias, com a maior concentração na face vestibular.

Bacterial adhesion on conventional and self-ligating metallic brackets after surface treatment with plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane.

INTRODUCTION:: Plasma-polymerized film deposition was created to modify metallic orthodontic brackets surface properties in order to inhibit bacterial adhesion. METHODS:: Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) polymer films were deposited on conventional (n = 10) and self-ligating (n = 10) stainless steel orthodontic brackets using the Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) radio frequency technique. The samples were divided into two groups according to the kind of bracket and two subgroups after surface treatment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed to assess the presence of bacterial adhesion over samples surfaces (slot and wings region) and film layer integrity. Surface roughness was assessed by Confocal Interferometry (CI) and surface wettability, by goniometry. For bacterial adhesion analysis, samples were exposed for 72 hours to a Streptococcus mutans solution for biofilm formation. The values obtained for surface roughness were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test while biofilm adhesion were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and SNK test. RESULTS:: Significant statistical differences (p< 0.05) for surface roughness and bacterial adhesion reduction were observed on conventional brackets after surface treatment and between conventional and self-ligating brackets; no significant statistical differences were observed between self-ligating groups (p> 0.05). CONCLUSION:: Plasma-polymerized film deposition was only effective on reducing surface roughness and bacterial adhesion in conventional brackets. It was also noted that conventional brackets showed lower biofilm adhesion than self-ligating brackets despite the absence of film.

Bacterial adhesion on conventional and self-ligating metallic brackets after surface treatment with plasma-polymerized hexamethyldisiloxane

ABSTRACT Introduction: Plasma-polymerized film deposition was created to modify metallic orthodontic brackets surface properties in order to inhibit bacterial adhesion. Methods: Hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) polymer films were deposited on conventional (n = 10) and self-ligating (n = 10) stainless steel orthodontic brackets using the Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) radio frequency technique. The samples were divided into two groups according to the kind of bracket and two subgroups after surface treatment. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed to assess the presence of bacterial adhesion over samples surfaces (slot and wings region) and film layer integrity. Surface roughness was assessed by Confocal Interferometry (CI) and surface wettability, by goniometry. For bacterial adhesion analysis, samples were exposed for 72 hours to a Streptococcus mutans solution for biofilm formation. The values obtained for surface roughness were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test while biofilm adhesion were assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and SNK test. Results: Significant statistical differences (p< 0.05) for surface roughness and bacterial adhesion reduction were observed on conventional brackets after surface treatment and between conventional and self-ligating brackets; no significant statistical differences were observed between self-ligating groups (p> 0.05). Conclusion: Plasma-polymerized film deposition was only effective on reducing surface roughness and bacterial adhesion in conventional brackets. It was also noted that conventional brackets showed lower biofilm adhesion than self-ligating brackets despite the absence of film.

RESUMO Introdução: a deposição de filme de polímero a plasma foi criada para modificar as propriedades de superfície dos braquetes ortodônticos metálicos, com o intuito de inibir a adesão bacteriana. Métodos: filmes finos de polímero de hexametildisiloxano (HMDSO) foram depositados em braquetes ortodônticos de aço inoxidável convencionais (n = 10) e autoligáveis (n = 10), utilizando a técnica de radiofrequência PECVD (Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition). As amostras foram divididas em dois grupos, de acordo com o tipo de braquete, e dois subgrupos após o tratamento de superfície. A microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) foi realizada para avaliar a presença de adesão bacteriana sobre as superfícies das amostras (região de ranhura horizontal e aletas) e a integridade da camada de filme. A Interferometria Confocal (CI) avaliou a rugosidade, e a molhabilidade superficial foi avaliada por goniometria. Para análise de adesão bacteriana, as amostras foram expostas durante 72 horas a uma solução de Streptococcus mutans, para formação de biofilme. Os valores obtidos para a rugosidade da superfície foram analisados pelo teste de Mann-Whitney, enquanto a adesão do biofilme foi avaliada pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e SNK. Resultados: observaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas (p <0,05) para a rugosidade superficial e redução da adesão bacteriana em braquetes convencionais após o tratamento da superfície, e entre braquetes convencionais e autoligáveis. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas significativas entre os grupos autoligáveis (p> 0,05). Conclusão: a deposição de polímero a plasma só foi efetiva na redução da rugosidade superficial e adesão bacteriana em braquetes convencionais. Observou-se, também, que os braquetes convencionais apresentaram menor adesão ao biofilme do que os braquetes autoligáveis, apesar da ausência de filme.

Analysis of residual stress and hardness in regions of pre-manufactured and manual bends in fixation plates for maxillary advancement.

The aim of this study was to analyze, through Vickers hardness test and photoelasticity analysis, pre-bent areas, manually bent areas, and areas without bends of 10-mm advancement pre-bent titanium plates (Leibinger system). The work was divided into three groups: group I-region without bend, group II-region of 90° manual bend, and group III-region of 90° pre-fabricated bends. All the materials were evaluated through hardness analysis by the Vickers hardness test, stress analysis by residual images obtained in a polariscope, and photoelastic analysis by reflection during the manual bending. The data obtained from the hardness tests were statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests at a significance level of 5 %. The pre-bent plate (group III) showed hardness means statistically significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of the other groups (I-region without bends, II-90° manually bent region). Through the study of photoelastic reflection, it was possible to identify that the stress gradually increased, reaching a pink color (1.81 δ / λ), as the bending was performed. A general analysis of the results showed that the bent plate region of pre-bent titanium presented the best results.

Tratamento de superfície de implantes dentários: SBF / Surface treatment of dental implants: SBF

Diversos tratamentos da superfície dos implantes dentários têm sido desenvolvidos com o objetivo de garantir ancoragem ao tecido ósseo, otimização dos determinantes de estrutura eletrônica, cristalinidade, composição e propriedades. As técnicas de recobrimento têm sido propostas com o objetivo de criar união bioquímica capaz de acelerar as fases iniciais de formação do tecido ósseo, aliando as propriedades positivas do titânio e suas ligas à bioatividade dos materiais cerâmicos. Este trabalho aborda protocolo de manipulação do SBF para recobrimento de ligas de titânio. A obtenção do recobrimento com nucleação de apatita ocorre por imersão do substrato em solução sintética que simula o plasma sanguíneo (Simulated Body Fluid). O protocolo de manipulação da solução SBF permite estabelecer diretrizes racionalizadas quanto ao uso e organizadas de modo a tornar prática sua aplicação

Various surface treatments of dental implants have been developed in order to ensure anchorage to bone tissue, optimization of the determinants of electronic structure, crystallinity, composition and properties. Coating techniques have been proposed in order to create union biochemical able to accelerate the early stages of bone tissue, combining the positive properties of titanium and its alloys bioactivity of ceramic materials. This paper discusses protocol for handling the SBF coating of titanium alloys. The apatite phase nucleation occurs by immersing the substrate in synthetic solution simulating blood plasma (Simulated Body Fluid). The protocol allows manipulation of the SBF solution to establish guidelines regarding the use streamlined and organized to make practical application

Wear resistance of experimental titanium alloys for dental applications.

The present study evaluated microstructure, microhardness and wear resistance of experimental titanium alloys containing zirconium and tantalum. Alloys were melted in arc melting furnace according to the following compositions: Ti-5Zr, Ti-5Ta and Ti-5Ta-5Zr (%wt). Hemispheres and disks were obtained from wax patterns that were invested and cast by plasma. Microstructures were evaluated using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and also Vickers microhardness was measured. Hemispherical samples and disks were used for 2-body wear tests, performed by repeated grinding of the samples. Wear resistance was assessed as height loss after 40,000 cycles. The data were compared using ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test. Ti-5Zr presented a Widmanstätten structure and the identified phases were α and α' while Ti-5Ta and Ti-5Ta-5Zr presented α, ß, α' and α" phases, but the former presented a lamellar structure, and the other, acicular. The microhardness of Ti-5Zr was significantly greater than other materials and cp Ti presented wear resistance significantly lower than experimental alloys. It was concluded that wear resistance was improved when adding Ta and Zr to titanium and Zr increased microhardness of Ti-5Zr alloy.

Influence of heat treatment and oxygen doping on the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of titanium-niobium binary alloys.

The most commonly used titanium (Ti)-based alloy for biological applications is Ti-6Al-4V, but some studies associate the vanadium (V) with the cytotoxic effects and adverse reactions in tissues, while aluminum (Al) has been associated with neurological disorders. Ti-Nb alloys belong to a new class of Ti-based alloys with no presence of Al and V and with elasticity modulus values that are very attractive for use as a biomaterial. It is well known that the presence of interstitial elements (such as oxygen, for example) changes the mechanical properties of alloys significantly, particularly the elastic properties, the same way that heat treatments can change the microstructure of these alloys. This article presents the effect of heat treatment and oxygen doping in some mechanical properties and the biocompatibility of three alloys of the Ti-Nb system, characterized by density measurements, X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, Vickers microhardness, in vitro cytotoxicity, and mechanical spectroscopy.

Frequência de hábitos parafuncionais: estudo transversal em acadêmicos de odontologia / Frequency of parafunctional habits: cross-sectional study in dental students

Os hábitos parafuncionais, graças ao desencadeamento de alterações articulares e motoras, jogam importante papel no desenvolvimento das desordens temporomandibulares. Quando estas atividades excedem o nível de tolerância fisiológica do indivíduo são nocivos ao aparelho estomatognático. Neste estudo avaliou-se a influência do gênero na prevalência de 12 hábitos parafuncionais em acadêmicos da Faculdade de Odontologia de Araçatuba/Unesp no ano de 2009. O gênero feminino apresentou o dobro da prevalência para os hábitos parafuncionais (66,66%) em relação ao gênero masculino (33,34%). O hábito de mascar chicletes foi o mais prevalente, seguido de apoiar a mão no queixo, para ambos os gêneros. Orientação para controle e eliminação destes hábitos mostra-se necessária

The parafunctional habits, thanks to the onset of joint and motor, play important role in the development of temporomandibular disorders. When these activities beyond the level of physiological tolerance of the individual are harmful to the stomatognathic system. This study evaluated the influence of gender on prevalence of 12 parafunctional habits in students of the Faculty of Dentistry of Araçatuba/UNESP in 2009. Women have twice the prevalence of the parafunctional habits (66.66%) compared to males (33.34%). The habit of chewing gum was the most prevalent, followed by rest your hand on the chin, for both genders. Guidance for control and elimination of these habits proves necessary

Influência de agentes desinfetantes sobre a aderência de Staphylococcus aureus em aço inoxidável / Influence of disinfecting agents on the adherence of Staphylococcus aureus on stainless steel

A desinfecção de instrumentais odontológicos pré-lavagem é um procedimento de extrema importância na clínica diária. No entanto, a utilização de soluções desinfetantes não pode alterar a superfície do instrumental odontológico, favorecendo posterior aderência bacteriana. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a aderência de Staphylococcus aureus antes e apósa ciclagem por 28 dias com diferentes soluções desinfetantes: glutaraldeído a 2%, vinagre a 100% e ácido peracéticoa 0,2%. O grupo controle sofreu ciclagem com água destilada pelo mesmo período. Cinqüenta corpos-de-prova foram esterilizados e submetidos ao teste de aderência antes e após a ciclagem, sendo imersos em caldo infusão cérebro coração e 0,1 mL de suspensão padronizada (106 células/mL) de S. aureus. A seguir, os microrganismos aderidos aos corposde-prova foram dispersos, diluídos e semeados em meio de cultura para determinar o número de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFC/mL). Os dados foram transformados em logarítmo de base 10 e submetidos ao teste estatístico t de Student. Os resultados demonstraram diferenças significantes entre o grupo controle e as soluções desinfetantes, porémo ácido peracético foi o que demonstrou menor aderência de S. aureus pós-ciclagem, seguido do glutaraldeído e vinagre, sem diferenças entre eles, demonstrando que estes desinfetantes podem ser utilizados sem efeitos deletérios na aderência deste microrganismo ao aço inoxidável.

A comparative study of the flexural strength of two systems for fiber-reinforced prosthesis / Estudo comparativo da resistência flexural de dois sistemas de prótese parcial fixa sem metal

Atualmente, foram desenvolvidos, alguns sistemas para a confecção das próteses parciais fixas (PPF) onde a estrutura metálica tradicionalmente utilizada como reforço foi substituída por diferentes tipos de fibras associadas a uma matriz resinosa. Sobre este conjunto de fibras uma cama de resina composta é utilizada como material estético de recobrimento. Os fabricantes destes sistemas alegam que esta substituição melhora as propriedades estéticas sem prejuízo às propriedades estéticas sem prejuízo às propriedades físicas. Objetivou-se neste estudo avaliar a resistência à flexão de dois destes sistemas: Targis/Vectris (Ivoclar/Vivadent) e Sculpture/Fibrekor (Jeneric/Pentron). Vinte corpos-de-prova de cada sistema foram confeccionados em um molde de aço inoxidável com as dimensões de 4mm x 4mm x 20mm, sendo que o conjunto de fibras foi totalmente recoberto pela resina composta de revestimento. Os ensaios foram realizados em máquina servo-hidráulica MTS com velocidade de 1mm/min e célula de carga de 250 KN. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente pelo método não-paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Uma amostra de cada sistema foi analisada em Microscópio Eletrônico de Varredura (MEV). O Sistema Targis/Vectris apresentou resistência flexural superior estatisticamente significante a 5 por cento, do que o Sistema Sculpture/Fibrekor, porém o Sistema Sculpture/Fibrekor apresentou menor variação nos resultados